ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Numerical Investigation of the Cross-section and Twist Extrusion Die Angle on the Distribution of Plastic Strain and Microstructure of Al7050 Alloy
Twist extrusion is a novel method for severe plastic deformation of materials. Severe plastic deformation in metals creates small and uniform grain size and therefore increases their mechanical strength. In this study, the effect of die angle in twist extrusion and cross-section of extruded parts on plastic properties and microstructures of Aluminum 7050 alloy was investigated using DEFORM 3D finite element software. Samples were simulated using dies with die angles of 20, 37, and 56 degrees with square, rounded-rectangular, and elliptical cross-sections. The aspect ratios of rectangular and elliptical cross-sections were also changed while keeping the cross-section area constant in order to investigate the effects of dimensions. Plastic strain distribution, gain size distribution, and the force needed for extrusion were extracted under all conditions. The results indicate that increase in die angle significantly reduces grain size and increases the force necessary for extrusion. Removing sharp corners in cross-section also results in more uniform plastic strain distribution and reduction in extrusion force. The elliptical cross-section with dimensions of 9×6mm which had the lowest dimension ratio can reduce grain size from 100ffm to 6ffm in a single pass and requires the lowest extrusion force.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3278_897192e31b5b41aa83fd89a997270288.pdf
2020-03-01
1
8
10.22084/jrstan.2019.19974.1106
Twist extrusion
Die angle
Cross-section
Severe plastic deformation
Microstructure
F.
Heydari
farnam.hey@gmail.com
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
AUTHOR
H.
Saljoghi
hamed.saljoghi@yahoo.com
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
AUTHOR
S.H.
Nourbakhsh
nourbakhsh.sh@eng.sku.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Y. Estrin, S.B. Yi, H.G. Brokmeier, Z. Zúberová, S.C. Yoon, H.S. Kim, R.J. Hellmig, Microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the magnesium alloy AZ31 processed by ECAP, Int. J. Mater. Res., 99(1) (2008) 50-55.
1
[2] J. Nemati, S. Sulaiman, A. Khalkhali, Improvment in mechanical properties of Titanium deformed by ECAE process, J. Stress Anal., 1(1) (2016) 55-64.
2
[3] A. Reshetov, R. Kulagin, A. Korshunov, Y. Beygelzimer, The occurrence of ideal plastic state in CP titanium processed by twist extrusion, Adv. Eng. Mater., 20(5) (2018) 1700899.
3
[4] A. Alavi Nia, S.H. Nourbakhsh, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31/SiC and AZ31/CNT Composites Produced by Friction Stir Processing, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 69(7) (2016)1435-1442.
4
[5] F. Javadzadeh Kalahroudi, H. Koohdar, H.R. Jafarian, Y. Haung, T.G. Langdonc, M. NiliAhmadabadi, On the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Fe-10Ni-7Mn martensitic steel processed by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 749 (2019) 27-34.
5
[6] Y. Beygelzimer, A. Reshetov, S. Synkov, O. Prokof’eva, R. Kulagin, Kinematics of metal flow during twist extrusion investigated with a new experimental method, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 209(7) (2009) 3650-3656.
6
[7] M. Jahedi, M.H. Paydar, Three-dimensional finite element analysis of torsion extrusion (TE) as an
7
SPD process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(29-30) (2011) 8742-8749.
8
[8] S.A.A. Akbari Mousavi, A.R. Shahab, M. Mastoori, Computational study of Ti-6Al-4V flow behaviors
9
during the twist extrusion process, Mater. Des., 29(7) (2008) 1316-1329.
10
[9] J.G. Kim, M. Latypov, N. Pardis, Y.E. Beygelzimer, H.S. Kim, Finite element analysis of the plastic deformation in tandem process of simple shar extrusion and twist extrusion, Mater. Des., 83 (2015) 858-865.
11
[10] M.I. Latypov, Y. Beygelzimer, H.S. Kim, Comparative analysis of two twist-based SPD processes: Elliptical cross-section spiral equal-channel extrusion vs. Twist Extrusion, Mater. Trans., 54(9) (2013) 1587-1591.
12
[11] U. Mohammed Iqbal, V. Senthil Kumar, Modeling of twist extrusion process parameters of AA6082-
13
T6 alloy by response surface approach, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. B. J. Eng. Manuf., 228(11) (2014) 1458-1468.
14
[12] M. Berta, D. Orlov, P.B. Prangnell, Grain refinement response during twist extrusion of an Al-0.13% Mg alloy, Int. J. Mater. Res., 98(3) (2007) 200-204.
15
[13] S.R. Bahadori, K. Dehghani, S.A.A. Akbari Mousavi, Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper processed by twist extrusion and equal channel angular pressing, Mater. Lett., 152 (2015) 48-52.
16
[14] Y.E. Beygelzimer, O.V. Prokof’eva, V.N. Varyukhin, Structural changes in metals subjected to direct or twist extrusion: Mathematical simulation, Russ. Metall., 2006(1) (2006) 25-32.
17
[15] M. Nouri, H.R. Mohammadian Semnani, E. Emadoddin, H.S. Kim, Investigation of direct extrusion channel effects on twist extrusion using experimental and finite element analysis, Measurement, 127 (2018) 115-123.
18
[16] Y.P. Yi, X. Fu, J.D. Cui, H. Chen, Prediction of grain size for large-sized aluminium alloy 7050 forging during hot forming, J. Cent. South Univ. Technol., 15(1) (2008) 1-5.
19
[17] V.M. Segal, Severe plastic deformation: simple shear versus pure shear, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 338(1)
20
(2002) 331-344.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of FSP Pass Number on the Tribological Behavior of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy
Friction stir processing (FSP) in different pass number, accordingly one and four, was performed to AZ31 magnesium alloy. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the effect of FSP and its pass number on the microstructure of FSPed samples. The hardness of thesamples was measured using microhardness measurement. Furthermore, wear behaviors of the samples, including wear rate and friction coefficient, were investigated using a reciprocal wear machine. To deduce the wear mechanism, SEM observations of the worn surface were carried out. Optical microscopy of FSPed samples showed grain refinement in the stir zone. Increasing FSP passnumber had a considerable effect on grain refinement. The average grain size of the as-received AZ31 base metal reduced from 11µm to about 4µm after four passes. Microhardness evaluations showed a substantial improvement by increasing FSP pass number, about 70% improvement. Wear tests results revealed enhanced tribological in FSPed samples. SEM observations of the worn surfaces indicated that the abrasion was the dominant wear mechanism governed in the samples.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3279_a9fd319045d9ea1cc27ee9f6094ebb20.pdf
2020-03-01
9
18
10.22084/jrstan.2020.19994.1107
Friction stir processing (FSP)
Grain refinement
AZ31 magnesium alloy
Microhardness wear
Friction
M.M.
Jalilvand
mohamadmahdijalilvand@gmail.com
1
Materials Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Y.
Mazaheri
y.mazaheri@basu.ac.ir
2
Materials Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.R.
Jahani
amirreza.jahani74@gmail.com
3
Materials Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
AUTHOR
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[2] M. Esmaily, J.E. Svensson, S. Fajardo, N. Birbilis, G.S. Frankel, S. Virtanen, R. Arrabal, S. Thomas,
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L.G. Johansson, Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion, Prog. Mater. Sci., 89 (2017) 92-193.
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[3] P. Ian, J. David St, N. Jian-Feng, Q. Ma, Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals, 5nd Edition,
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Elsevier Ltd, (2017).
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magnesium alloy in hot flow forming under different thickness reductions, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 34(7) (2018) 1091-1102.
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[15] S.H. Nourbakhsh, A. Atrian, Effect of submerged multi-pass friction stir process on the mechanical
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and microstructural properties of Al7075, J. Stress Anal., 2(1) (2017) 51-56.
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[16] V.V. Kondaiah, P. Pavanteja, P. Afzal Khan, S. Anannd Kumar, R. Dumpala, B. Ratna Sunil, Microstructure, hardness and wear behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy - fly ash composites produced by friction stir processing, Mater. Today: Proc., 4(6) (2017) 6671-6677.
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[17] B.M. Darras, M.K. Khraisheh, F.K. Abu-Farha, M.A. Omar, Friction stir processing of commercial
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AZ31 magnesium alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 191(1-3) (2007) 77-81.
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[18] C.I. Chang, X.H. Du, J.C. Huang, Producing nanograined microstructure in Mg–Al–Zn alloy by
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two-step friction stir processing, Scr. Mater., 59(3) (2008) 356-359.
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[19] W. Wen, W. Kuaishe, G. Qiang, W. Nan, Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast AZ31 magnesium alloy, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 41(9) (2012) 1522-1526.
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[20] B. Darras, E. Kishta, Submerged friction stir processing of AZ31 Magnesium alloy, Mater. Des., 47
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(2013) 133-137.
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[21] D.T. Zhang, F. Xiong, W.W. Zhang, C. Qiu, W. Zhang, Superplasticity of AZ31 magnesium alloy
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prepared by friction stir processing, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 21(9) (2011) 1911-1916.
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[22] A. Alavi Nia, H. Omidvar, S.H. Nourbakhsh, Effects of an overlapping multi-pass friction stir process and rapid cooling on the mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ31 magnesium alloy, Mater. Des., 58 (2014) 298-304.
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[23] Q. Liu, Q.X. Ma, G.Q. Chen, X. Cao, S. Zhang, J.L. Pan, G. Zhang, Q.Y. Shi, Enhanced corrosion
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resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy through refinement and homogenization of surface microstructure
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by friction stir processing, Corros. Sci., 138 (2018) 284-296.
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[24] American Society for Testing and Materials (Filadelfia, Pa.). ASTM E3-01: Standard Guide for
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Preparation of Metallographic Specimens. ASTM. [25] Y. Morisada, H. Fujii, T. Nagaoka, M. Fukusumi,
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Effect of friction stir processing with SiC particles on microstructure and hardness of AZ31, Mater.
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Sci. Eng. A, 433(1-2) (2006) 50-54.
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[26] D. Lu, Y. Jiang, R. Zhou, Wear performance of nano-Al2O3 particles and CNTs reinforced magnesium matrix composites by friction stir processing, Wear, 305(1-2) (2013) 286-290.
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[27] M. Balakrishnan, I. Dinaharan, R. Palanivel, R. Sivaprakasam, Synthesize of AZ31/TiC magnesium
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matrix composites using friction stir processing, J. Magnes. Alloy., 3(1) (2015) 76-78.
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[29] C.I. Chang, Y.N. Wang, H.R. Pei, C.J. Lee, X.H. Du, J.C. Huang, Microstructure and mechanical
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properties of nano-ZrO2 and nano-SiO2 particulate reinforced AZ31-Mg based composites fabricated
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by friction stir processing, Key Eng. Mater., 351 (2007) 114-119.
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[30] P. Asadi, G. Faraji, M.K. Besharati, Producing of AZ91/SiC composite by friction stir processing (FSP), Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 51(1-4) (2010) 247-260.
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[31] Y. Mazaheri, M.M. Jalilvand, A. Heidarpour, A.R. Jahani, Tribological behavior of AZ31/ZrO2
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surface nanocomposites developed by friction stir processing, Tribol. Int., 143 (2020) 106062, doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106062.
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[32] N.N. Aung, W. Zhou, Effect of grain size and twins on corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy, Corros. Sci., 52(2) (2010) 589-594.
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[33] C.I. Chang, Y.N. Wang, H.R. Pei, C.J. Lee, J.C. Huang, On the hardening of friction stir processed
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Mg-AZ31 based composites with 5-20% nano-ZrO2 and nano-SiO2 particles, Mater. Trans., 47(12) (2006) 2942-2949.
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[34] P. Asadi, G. Faraji, A. Masoumi, M.K. Besharati Givi, Experimental investigation of magnesiumbase nanocomposite produced by friction stir processing: Effects of particle types and number of friction stir processing passes, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 42(9) (2011) 2820-2832.
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[35] C.I. Chang, C.J. Lee, J.C. Huang, Relationship between grain size and Zener-Holloman parameter
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during friction stir processing in AZ31 Mg alloys, Scr. Mater., 51(6) (2004) 509-514.
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[36] C.J. Lee, J.C. Huang, P.J. Hsieh, Mg based nanocomposites fabricated by friction stir processing,
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Scr. Mater., 54(7) (2006) 1415-1420.
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[38] M. Abbasi, B. Bagheri, M. Dadaei, H.R. Omidvar, M. Rezaei, The effect of FSP on mechanical, tribological, and corrosion behavior of composite layer developed on magnesium AZ91 alloy surface, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 77(9-12) (2015) 2051-2058.
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59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Pre-compaction on Properties of Mg/SiC Nanocomposites Compacted at High Strain Rates
The effect of pre-compaction on mechanical properties of Mg/SiC nanocomposites prepared through dynamic compaction was investigated. The dynamic compactions were carried out at two different loading rates using Drop Hammer (DH) and Split Hopkinson Bar (SHB). The quasi-static pre-compaction was performed under two different pressures of 50 and 100MPa and at 450◦C. The results show that the highest improvement in density, hardeness, and strength are obtained for the pre-compaction pressure of 50MPa. The reason is believed to be due to the discharge of the air packets trapped between the particles. For the pre-compaction pressure of 100MPa, however, density, strength, and hardness decrease. The reason is thought to be due to creation of cracks and faults in the specimens. The results indicate that there is an optimum for the pre-compaction pressure which varies depending on the type of matrix, reinforcing particles, and compaction loading rate.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3280_4460aa6e51c886fed3931896c176ee7d.pdf
2020-03-01
19
28
10.22084/jrstan.2019.19874.1105
Quasi-static pre-compaction
Dynamic compaction
Split Hopkinson Bar
Drop Hammer
Mg/SiC nanocomposite
G.H.
Majzoobi
gh_majzoobi@basu.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
K.
Rahmani
rahmanii.kaveh@gmail.com
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Kashfi
mkashfi12@gmail.com
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] E.D. Francis, N.E. Prasad, C. Ratnam, P.S. Kumar, V.V. Kumar, Synthesis of nano alumina reinforced magnesium-alloy composites, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol., 27 (2011) 35-44.
1
[2] K. Rahmani, G.H. Majzoobi, An investigation on SiC volume fraction and temperature on static and dynamic behavior of Mg-SiC nanocomposite fabricated by powder metallurgy, Modares Mechanical Engineering, 18 (2018) 361-368.
2
[3] A. Ahmed, A.J. Neely, K. Shankar, P. Nolan, S. Moricca, T. Eddowes, Synthesis, Tensile Testing, and Microstructural Characterization of Nanometric SiC Particulate-Reinforced Al 7075 Matrix Composites, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 41(6) (2010) 1582-1591.
3
[4] J. Onoro, M.D. Salvador, L.E.G. Cambronero, High-temperature mechanical properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with boron carbide particles, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 499(1-2) (2009) 421-426.
4
[5] R.M. Mohanty, K. Balasubramanian, S.K. Seshadri, Boron carbide-reinforced alumnium 1100 matrix composites: fabrication and properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 498(1-2) (2008) 42-52.
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[6] D.A. Fredenburg, N.N. Thadhani, T.J. Vogler, Shock consolidation of nanocrystalline 6061-T6 aluminum powders, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(15) (2010) 3349-3357.
6
[7] M.A. Meyers, D.J. Benson, E.A. Olevsky, Shock consolidation: microstructurally-based analysis and computational modeling, Acta Mater., 47(7) (1999) 2089-2108.
7
[8] K. Rahmani, G.H. Majzoobi, A. Atrian, Simultaneous effects of strain rate and temperature on mechanical response of fabricated Mg–SiC nanocomposite, J. Compos. Mater., (2019) DOI: 0021998319864629.
8
[9] G.H. Majzoobi, K. Rahmani, A. Atrian, Temperature effect on mechanical and tribological characterization of Mg-SiC nanocomposite fabricated by high rate compaction, Mater. Res. Express, 5(1) (2018) 015046.
9
[10] J. Wang, H. Yin, X. QU, Analysis of density and mechanical properties of high velocity compacted iron powder, Acta Metall. Sinica, 22 (2009) 447-453.
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[14] C.E. Ruegger, M. Çelik, The influence of varying precompaction and main compaction profile parameters on the mechanical strength of compacts, Pharm. Dev. Technol., 5(4) (2000) 495-505.
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[15] E.P. Carton, M. Stuivinga, H.J. Verbeek, Crack prevention in shock compaction of powders, AIP
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Conference Proceedings, 429(1) (1998) 549-552.
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[16] M. Stuivinga, E.P. Carton, J.R. de Wijn, Shock compaction of bioceramic composites, in: EXPLOMET 2000, International Conference on Fundamental Issues and Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, (2000) 19-22.
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[17] G.H. Majzoobi, A. Atrian, M. Pipelzadeh, Effect of densification rate on consolidation and properties
18
of Al7075–B4C composite powder, Powder Metall., 58 (2015) 281-288.
19
[18] A. Atrian, G.H. Majzoobi, H. Bakhtiari, The effect of pre-compaction on dynamic compaction process of Al/SiC nanocomposite powder, The BiAnnual International Conference on Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics (X-Mech-2014), (2014).
20
[19] S.J. Hong, J.M. Koo, J.G. Lee, M.K. Lee, H.H. Kim, C.K. Rhee, Precompaction Effects on Density and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3 Nanopowder Compacts Fabricated by Magnetic Pulsed Compaction, Mater. Trans., 50 (2009) 2885-2890.
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[20] M.J. Yi, H.Q. Yin, J.Z. Wang, X.J. Yuan, X.H. Qu, Comparative research on high-velocity compaction and conventional rigid die compaction, Front. Mater. Sci. China, 3(4) (2009) 447.
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[21] K. Rahmani, G.H. Majzoobi, A. Atrian, A novel approach for dynamic compaction of Mg–SiC
23
nanocomposite powder using a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, Powder Metall., 61(2) (2018) 164-177.
24
[22] G.H. Majzoobi, H. Bakhtiari, A. Atrian, M.K. Pipelzadeh, S.J. Hardy, Warm dynamic compaction of Al6061/SiC nanocomposite powders, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 230(2) (2016) 375-387.
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[23] A. Nayeem Faruqui, P. Manikandan, T. Sato, Y. Mitsuno, K. Hokamoto, Mechanical milling and
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synthesis of Mg-SiC composites using under water shock consolidation, Met. Mater. Int., 18(1) (2012)
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[24] ASTM, Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, in, United Stated of America: ASTM, (2005).
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[25] ASTM E384-00 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials International, Volume 03.01, W. Conshohocken, PA, (2003).
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[26] Standard, Standard test methods of compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature,
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1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, (1990) 98-105.
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[27] G.H. Majzoobi, K. Rahmani, A. Atrian, An experimental investigation into wear resistance of MgSiC nanocomposite produced at high rate of compaction, J. Stress Anal., 3(1) (2018) 35-45.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Continuum Damage Mechanics for Creep Lifetime Estimation in Polymer Matrix Composites at Various Temperatures
Nowadays, composites have great applications in mechanical structures due to their proper ratio of the strength to the weight. Such application includes automotive and aerospace industries. These components may be affected by the creep phenomenon, when they work at high temperatures. Therefore, there should be appropriate creep behavior of materials for these parts. In this article, the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) method was used to calculate the creep lifetime of various polymer matrix composites. For this objective, experimental data were utilized from creep tests in the literature, on standard specimens, at different temperatures. Then, therelation between the stress, the temperature and the lifetime was presented by the CDM approach, which was calibrated by experimental results. In addition, the Levenberg-Marquardt method was employed to optimize the creep lifetime equation and to find temperature-dependent material constants. Consequently, the obtained results showed that there was a good agreement between experimental and calculated creep lifetimes of composites.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3281_f91fff8797500603ccdf6d21676afd4b.pdf
2020-03-01
29
44
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20090.1114
Creep lifetime prediction
Polymer matrix composites
Continuum damage mechanics
Levenberg-Marquardt method
H.
Bahmanabadi
hamed.ba1992@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Azadi
m_azadi@semnan.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
K.
Keypour
m_azadi1@yahoo.com
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] H. Bahmanabadi, S. Rezanezhad, M. Azadi, M. Azadi, Characterization of creep damage and lifetime in Inconel-713C nickel-based superalloy by stress-based, strain/strain rate-based and continuum damage mechanics models, Mater. Res. Express, 5(2) (2018) 26509.
1
[2] N. Habibi, S. Samawati, O. Ahmadi, Creep analysis of the FGM cylinder under steady-state symmetric
2
loading, J. Stress Anal., 1(1) (2016) 9-21.
3
[3] M. Saadatfar, Effect of hygrothermal environmental conditions on the time-dependent creep response of functionally graded magneto-electroelastic hollow sphere, J. Stress Anal., 4(1) (2019) 27-41.
4
[4] V.S. Chevali, D.R. Dean, G.M. Janowski, Flexural creep behavior of discontinuous thermoplastic composites: Non-linear viscoelastic modeling and time-temperature-stress superposition, Composites Part A, 40(6-7) (2009) 870-877.
5
[5] M. Eftekhari, A. Fatemi, Creep behavior and modeling of neat, talc-filled, and short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics, Composite Part B, 97 (2016) 68-83.
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[6] S. Rwawiire, B. Tomkova, J. Wiener, J. Militky, A. Kasedde, B.M. Kale, A. Jabbar, Short-term creep
7
of barkcloth reinforced laminar epoxy composites, Composite Part B, 103 (2016) 131-138.
8
[7] Y. Du, N. Yan, M. T. Kortschot, An experimental study of creep behavior of lightweight natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite/honeycomb core sandwich panels, Compos. Struct., 106 (2013) 160-166.
9
[8] R. Song, A.H. Muliana, A. Palazotto, An empirical approach to evaluate creep responses in polymers
10
and polymeric composites and determination of design stresses, Compos. Struct., 148 (2016) 207-223.
11
[9] T. Pulngern, T. Chitsamran, S. Chucheepsakul, V. Rosarpitak, S. Patcharaphun, N, Sombatsompop,
12
Effect of temperature on mechanical properties and creep responses for wood/PVC composites, Constr.
13
Build. Mater., 111 (2016) 191-198.
14
[10] A. Jabbar, J. Militky, B.M. Kale, S. Rwawiire, Y. Nawab, V. Baheti, Modeling and analysis of the creep behavior of jute/green epoxy composites incorporated with chemically treated pulverized nano/micro jute fibers, Ind. Crops Prod., 84 (2016) 230-240.
15
[11] P.K. Dutta, D. Hui, Creep rupture of a GFRP composite at elevated temperatures, Ind. Crops Prod., 76(1-3) (2000) 153-161.
16
[12] A. Gupta, J. Raghavan, Creep of plain weave polymer matrix composites under on-axis and off-axis
17
loading, Composites Part A, 41(9) (2010) 1289-1300.
18
[13] S. Mortazavian, A. Fatemi, Fatigue of short fiber thermoplastic composites: A review of recent experimental results and analysis, Int. J. Fatigue, 102 (2017) 171-183.
19
[14] S.K. Ghosh, R.K. Prusty, D.K. Rathore, B.C. Ray, Creep behaviour of graphite oxide nanoplates
20
embedded glass fiber/epoxy composites: Emphasizing the role of temperature and stress, Composites Part A, 102 (2017) 166-177.
21
[15] A. Pegoretti, T. Ricco, Creep crack growth in a short glass fibres reinforced polypropylene composite, J. Mater. Sci., 36(19) (2001) 4637-4641.
22
[16] F. Su, P. Huang, J. Wu, B. Chen, Q. Wang, R. Yao, T. Li, X. Pan, Creep behavior of C/SiC composite in hot oxidizing atmosphere and its mechanism, Ceram. Int., 43(12) (2017) 9355-9362.
23
[17] R. Cano-Crespo, B. M. Moshtaghioun, D. GomezGarcia, A. Dominguez-Rodriguez, R. Moreno, High-temperature creep of carbon nanofiberreinforced and graphene oxide-reinforced alumina composites sintered by spark plasma sintering, Ceram. Int., 43(9) (2017) 7136-7141.
24
[18] A. Plaseied, A. Fatemi, Tensile creep and deformation modeling of vinyl ester polymer and its nanocomposite, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 28(14)(2009) 1775-1788.
25
[19] K.C. Hung, T.L. Wu, Y.L. Chen, J.H. Wu, Assessing the effect of wood acetylation on mechanical properties and extended creep behavior of wood/recycled-polypropylene composites, Constr.
26
Build. Mater., 108 (2016) 139-145.
27
[20] J. Raghavan, M. Meshii, Creep of polymer composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 57(12) (1998) 1673-1688.
28
[21] J. Militky, A. Jabbar, Comparative evaluation of fiber treatments on the creep behavior of jute/green
29
epoxy composites, Composite Part B, 80 (2015) 361-368.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Changes in Grain Size, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of AZ31/(TiO2)p Nanocomposites Processed by Isothermal Multidirectional Forging
In the current study, magnesium-matrix AZ31/ 1.5 vol.% (TiO2)p nanocomposites manufactured using stir casting underwent extrusion process. The as-cast ingots were extruded, then processed by multidirectional forging (MDF) up to 8 passes at constant temperature of 320◦C. Investigating microstructures showed that after the second pass, the size of matrix grains underwent a significant decrease. However, this decrease didn’t continue in subsequent passes and grain size increased at the fourth pass. In the sixth pass, grain size decreased again, resulting in the smallest microstructure in all the samples. However, in the last two passes, grain size increased similarto the case of the fourth pass. The results of shear punch and Vickers’ microhardness tests showed that changes in shear yield strength, ultimate shear strength, and hardness followed a similar trend. Furthermore, the results of these tests showed that the best mechanical properties are observedin the first two passes after which no further improvement is observed in shear strength and hardness of the samples while fourth, sixth, and eighth passes resulted in better mechanical properties compared to the extruded sample.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3282_c65c446977dfb5a99843dcc4566e55b4.pdf
2020-03-01
45
53
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20106.1115
Magnesium-matrix nanocomposites
Shear behavior
Constant temperature multidirectional forging
Microstructure
Microhardnesse
H.
Mozafari
ha599299@gmail.com
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
AUTHOR
F.
Akbaripanah
f.akbaripanah@malayeru.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] J. Fan, H. Zhang, H. Dong, B. Xu, Z. Zhang, L. Shi, Effects of processing technologies on mechanical properties of SiC particulate reinforced magnesium matrix composites, J. Wuhan Uni. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed., 29(4) (2014) 769-772.
1
[2] Q.B. Nguyen, K.S. Tun, C.Y.H. Lim, W.L.E. Wong, M. Gupta, Influence of nano-alumina and sub-micron copper on mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ31, Compos. Part B-Eng., 55 (2013) 486-491.
2
[3] X.J. Wang, K.B. Nie, X.J. Sa, X.S. Hu, K. Wu, M.Y. Zheng, Microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/Mg-Zn-Ca composites fabricated by stir casting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 534 (2012) 60-67.
3
[4] X.G. Qiao, T. Ying, M.Y. Zheng, E.D. Wei, K. Wu, X.S. Hu, W.M. Gan, H.G. Brokmeier, I.S. Golovin, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of nano-SiCp/AZ91 composite processed by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Mater. Charact., 121 (2016) 222-230.
4
[5] M. Rashad, F. Pan, Y. Liu, X. Chen, H. Lin, R. Pan, M. Asif, J. She, High temperature formability of graphene nanoplatelets-AZ31 composites fabricated by stir-casting method, J. Magnesium Alloys, 4(4) (2016) 270-277.
5
[6] M.J. Shen, X.J Wang, T. Ying, K. Wu, W.J. Song, Characteristics and mechanical properties of magnesium matrix composites reinforced with micron/submicron/nano SiC particles, J. Alloys Compd., 686 (2016) 831-840.
6
[7] K.B. Nie, K.K. Deng, X.J. Wang, T. Wang, K. Wu, Influence of SiC nanoparticles addition on the
7
microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AZ91 alloy during isothermal multidirectional forging, Mater. Charact., 124 (2017) 14-24.
8
[8] K. Nie, X. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Wu, K. Deng, K. Wu, M. Zheng, Effect of multidirectional forging on microstructures and tensile properties of a particulate reinforced magnesium matrix composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 528(24) (2011) 7133-7139.
9
[9] P. Poddar, V.C. Srivastava, P.K. De, K.L. Sahoo, Processing and mechanical properties of SiC reinforced cast magnesium matrix composites by stir casting process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 460-461
10
(2007) 357-364.
11
[10] M.J. Shen, X.J. Wang, C.D. Li, M.F. Zhang, X.S. Hu, M.Y. Zheng, K. Wu, Effect of submicron size
12
SiC particles on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium matrix composites, Mater. Des., (1980-2015), 54 (2014) 436-442.
13
[11] K.B. Nie, K. Wu, X.J. Wang, K.K. Deng, Y.W. Wu, M.Y. Zheng, Multidirectional forging of magnesium matrix composites: effect on microstructures and tensile properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(27-28) (2010) 7364-7368.
14
[12] K. Wu, K. Deng, K. Nie, Y. Wu, X. Wang, X. Hu, M. Zheng, Microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/AZ91 composite deformed through a combination of forging and extrusion process, Mater. Des., 31(8) (2010) 3929-3932.
15
[13] X.J. Wang, K. Wu, H.F. Zhang, W.X. Huang, H. Chang, W.M. Gan, M.Y. Zheng, D.L. Peng, Effect of hot extrusion on the microstructure of a particulate reinforced magnesium matrix composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 465(1-2) (2007) 78-84.
16
[14] A. Azushima, R. Kopp, A. Korhonen, D.Y. Yang, F. Micari, G.D. Lahoti, P. Groche, J. Yanagimoto, N. Tsuji, A. Rosochowski, A. Yanagida, Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes for metals, CIRP Annals, 57(2) (2008) 716-735.
17
[15] A. Salandari-Rabori, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, S.M. Fatemi, M. Ghambari, M. Moghaddam, Microstructure and superior mechanical properties of a multi-axially forged WE magnesium alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 693 (2017) 406-413.
18
[16] R. Alizadeh, R. Mahmudi, O.A. Ruano, A.H.W. Ngan, Constitutive Analysis and Hot Deformation Behavior of Fine-Grained Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 48(11) (2017) 5699-5709.
19
[17] M. Habibnejad-Korayem, R. Mahmudi, W.J. Poole, Enhanced properties of Mg-based nanocomposites reinforced with Al2O3 nano-particles, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 519(1-2) (2009) 198-203.
20
[18] W. Liao, B. Ye, L. Zhang, H. Zhou, W. Guo, Q. Wang, W. Li, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of SiC nanoparticles reinforced magnesium matrix composite processed by cyclic closed-die forging, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 642 (2015) 49-56.
21
[19] K.B. Nie, K.K. Deng, X.J. Wang, W.M. Gan, F.J. Xu, K. Wu, M.Y. Zheng, Microstructures and mechanical properties of SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix nanocomposites processed by multidirectional
22
forging, J. Alloys Compd., 622 (2015) 1018-1026.
23
[20] S.J. Huang, C. H. Ho, Y. Feldman, R. Tenne, Advanced AZ31 Mg alloy composites reinforced by
24
WS2 nanotubes, J. Alloys Compd., 654 (2016) 15-22.
25
[21] F. Akbaripanah, F. Fereshteh-Saniee, R. Mahmudi, H.K. Kim, Microstructural homogeneity, texture, tensile and shear behavior of AM60 magnesium alloy produced by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing, Mater. Des., 43 (2013)31-39.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of Hydraulic Failure Mechanism in the Core of Eyvashan Earth Dam with the Effect of Pore Water Pressure and Arching
Continuous investigation and measurement of pore water pressure and arching depression play an important role in detecting the occurrence of hydraulic failure in earth dams. Increasing the pore water pressure during the initial impounding period reduces the effective stress and consequently decreases the shear strength of the earth dam core, which can overcome the water stress over the effective stress and consequently hydraulic failure. This research studies the hydraulic failure of Eyvashan earth dam under static loading conditions at the end of construction and the initial impounding period by Geostudio software with the Mohr-Coulomb behavioral model. The analysis shows that the values of the pore water pressure ratio (ru) and stress-strain values are acceptable and there is no stability problem for the dam. The highest percentage of arching (the lowest ratio of arching) is equal to 46%, at one-third of the lower height of the core. The critical arching ratio (maximum) is 0.44 and is in the normal range and hydraulic failure does not not occur despite the critical arching in the dam core.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3283_fcb7d22fe2f0d4d0ba439dac14071a88.pdf
2020-03-01
55
67
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20022.1110
Eyvashan dam
Hydraulic failure
Pore water pressure
Arching
Geostudio
M.
Komasi
komasi@abru.ac.ir
1
Civil Engineering Department, Water and Hydraulic Structures, University of Ayatollah ozma Borujerdi, Lorestan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
B.
Beiranvand
behrang220@gmail.com
2
Civil Engineering Department, Water and Hydraulic Structures, University of Ayatollah ozma Borujerdi, Lorestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] B. Lofquist, Discussion of cracking in dams, In: Proceedings 5th ICOLD Congress Paris, Vol. III, (1957) 21-22.
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[2] J.L. Sherard, Hydraulic fracturing in embankment dam, J. Geotech. Eng., 112(10) (1986) 905-927.
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[3] M. Maksimovic, Optimal Position of Central Clay Core of Rock-Fill Dam with Respect to Arching and Hydraulic Fracture, International Congress on Large Dam, (1973) 789-800.
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[4] F.H. Kulhawy,T.M. Gurtowski, load transfer and hydraulic fracturing in Zoned Dams, J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 102(9) (1976) 963-967.
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[5] J.J. Wang, J.G. Zhu, H. Mroueh, C.F.Chiu, Hydraulic fracturing of rock-fill dam, J. Multiphasic, 1(2) (2007) 199-219.
5
[6] K. Soga, M.Y.A. Ng, K. Gafar, Soil Fractures in Grouting. In: Barla, G., Barla, M. (Eds.), Proc. 11th International Conference of the International Association of Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Prediction, Analysis and Design in Geomechanical Applications. Tornio, Italy, (2005).
6
[7] H. Satoh, Y. Yamaguchi, Laboratory hydraulic fracturing tests for core materials using large size hollow cylindrical specimens, The 1st International
7
Symposium on Rock-fill Dams, (2009).
8
[8] M.R. Mansoojian, M.R. Esmaeili, A. Kohzadian, Investigation of Hydraulic Failure in earth Dams and Structures Using SIGMA/W Software, 5th National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Networks Management and Third Iranian National Irrigation and Drainage Congress, (2017).
9
[9] A.R. Molavi, A.P. Parvishi, Investigation of hydraulic failure of earth dam under the impact of near-earthquake, 5th National Conference on Applied Research in Civil Engineering, Urban Architecture and Management, Tehran, (2017).
10
[10] M. Rezapur Tabari, M. Hashempour, Investigation of Parameters Effective on Hydraulic Failure of Dam, Second National Conference on Hydrology, Tehran, (2017).
11
[11] B. Abbasi, K. Esmaeili, J. Abrishami, Simulation of the hydraulic fracture failure of dam with rapid flood entry into the reservoir, J. Water Soil, 24(1) (2010) 75-83.
12
[12] S.A. Khamesi, A.S. Mirghasemi, Investigation of hydraulic failure in earth dams, J. Civi. Surv. Eng., 44(2) (2010) 181-191.
13
[13] M. Salari, A. Akhtarpour, A. Ekrami Fard, Occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in inclined clay core of a high rockfill dam, located in narrow valley, Modares Civ. Eng. J., 17(5) (2017) 109-122.
14
[14] A. Asakareh, M. Ahang, Numerical analysis of arching phenomenon at core of baft zoned embankment dam, Kerman, Modares Civ. Eng. J., 17(5) (2017) 161-168.
15
[15] A. Ghanbari, Principles of Earth Dam Engineering, Kharazmi University Publication, (2014).
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Investigation of Weld Quality for Dissimilar Welding of AA6061-T6/AA7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys
In this article, the friction stir welding of dissimilar AA6061-T6/AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys was studied experimentally. The joining process was implemented with and without the addition of the TiO2 nanoparticles. To infer the resulting quality, tensile tests were carried out and the microstructure of the welded samples was investigated by the optical microscope. Furthermore,the samples were welded using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) to provide further comparisons with the FSW process. The ultimate tensile strength and maximum elongation increased by 12.3 and 12.5% respectively by adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Microstructure observation shows that equiaxed grains formed in the FSW process and no precipitation aging occurred in the melting zone-however, precipitation particles can be observed in the heat-affected zone. Coarser grains can be obtained by adding TiO2 nanoparticles, resulting in good dispersion at the stir zone and retarding the dynamic recrystallization (pinning the grain boundary movements). The sample welded by the GTAW processshowed very weak strength compared to the samples welded by the friction stir welding process.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3285_b1ea6d7f71bb73882ad58a2ff3830ccc.pdf
2020-03-01
69
80
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20004.1108
Dissimilar welding
Friction stir welding
Aluminum alloys
Gas tungsten arc welding
TiO2 nanoparticle
Microstructure
M.
Safari
m.safari@arakut.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
R.A.
de Sousa
rsousa@ua.pt
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
AUTHOR
J.
Joudaki
joudaki@arakut.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran.
AUTHOR
H.
Mostaan
h-mostaan@araku.ac.ir
4
Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] J.F. Guo, H.C. Chen, C.N. Sun, G. Bi, Z. Sun, Wei, J., Friction stir welding of dissimilar materials between AA6061 and AA7075 Al alloys effects of process parameters, Mater. Des., 56 (2014) 185-192.
1
[2] H. Jamshidi Aval, Influences of pin profile on the mechanical and microstructural behaviors in dissimilar friction stir welded AA6082–AA7075 butt joint, Mater. Des., 67 (2015) 413-421.
2
[3] P. Cavaliere, A. De Santis, F. Panella, A. Squillace, Effect of welding parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of dissimilar AA6082–AA2024 joints produced by friction stir welding, Mater. Des., 30(3) (2009) 609-616.
3
[4] R. Palanivel, P. Koshy Mathews, N. Murugan, I. Dinaharan, Effect of tool rotational speed and pin profile on microstructure and tensile strength of dissimilar friction stir welded AA5083-H111 and AA6351-T6 aluminum alloys, Mater. Des., 40 (2012) 7-16.
4
[5] H. Jamshidi Aval, S. Serajzadeh, A.H. Kokabi, Thermo-mechanical and microstructural issues in dissimilar friction stir welding of AA5086-AA6061, J. Mater. Sci., 46(10) (2011) 3258-3268.
5
[6] R. Palanivel, P. Koshy Mathews, I. Dinaharan, N. Murugan, Mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded AA5083-H111 and AA6351-T6 aluminum alloys, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 24(1) (2014) 58-65.
6
[7] K.J. Colligan, Material flow behavior during friction stir welding of aluminum, Weld. J., 78 (1999) 229S-237S.
7
[8] P.H. Shah, V. Badheka, An experimental investigation of temperature distribution and joint properties of Al 7075 T651 friction stir welded aluminium alloys, Procedia Technol., 23 (2016) 543-550.
8
[9] R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Ma, Friction stir welding and processing, Mater. Sci. Eng., R, 50(1-2) (2005) 1-78.
9
[10] Z.Y. Ma, A.H. Feng, D.L. Chen, J. Shen, Recent advances in friction stir welding/processing of aluminum alloys: microstructural evolution and mechanical properties, Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., 43(4) (2018) 269-333.
10
[11] D. Devaiah, K. Kishore, P. Laxminarayana, Optimal FSW process parameters for dissimilar aluminium alloys (AA5083 and AA6061) using Taguchi technique, Mater. Today. Proc., 5(2) (2018) 4607-4614.
11
[12] K.N. Wakchaure, A.G. Thakur, V. Gadakh, A. Kumar, Multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 6082-T6 Using hybrid Taguchi-Grey relation analysis- ANN method, Mater. Today. Proc., 5(2) (2018)7150-7159.
12
[13] G. Ugrasen, G. Bharath, G. Kishor Kumar, R. Sagar, P.R. Shivu, R. Keshavamurthy, Optimization of process parameters for Al6061-Al7075 alloys in friction stir welding using Taguchi’s technique, Mater. Today. Proc., 5(1) (2018) 3027-3035.
13
[14] K. Jagathesh, M.P. Jenarthanan, P. Dinesh Babu, C. Chanakyan, Analysis of factors influencing tensile strength in dissimilar welds of AA2024 and AA6061 produced by Friction Stir Welding (FSW), Aust. J. Mech. Eng, 15(1) (2017) 19-26.
14
[15] N. Sharifi Asl, S.E. Mirsalehi, K. Dehghani, Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles addition on microstructure
15
and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded AA6063-T4 aluminum alloy and AZ31B-O
16
magnesium alloy, J. Manuf. Proc., 38 (2019) 338-354.
17
[16] H.C. Madhu, P. Ajay Kumar, C.S. Perugu, S.V. Kailas, Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir process derived Al-TiO2 nanocomposite, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 27 (2018) 1318-1326.
18
[17] S.S. Mirjavadi, M. Alipour, S. Emamian, S. Kord, A.M.S. Hamouda, P.G. Koppad, R. Keshavamurthy, Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporation to friction stir welded 5083 aluminum alloy on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance, J. Alloys Compd., 712 (2017) 795-803.
19
[18] S. Rajakumar, V. Balasubramanian, Establishing relationships between mechanical properties of aluminium alloys and optimised friction stir welding process parameters, Mater. Des., 40 (2012) 17-35.
20
[19] M.M.Z. Ahmed, S. Ataya, M.M. El-Sayed Seleman, H.R. Ammar, E. Ahmed, Friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar AA7075 and AA5083, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 242 (2017) 77-91.
21
[20] Shahabuddin, V.K. Dwivedi, A. Sharma, Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties
22
and microstructure of AA 7075-T6 during underwater friction stir welding process, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Adv. Technol., 8(4) (2019) 1289-1294.
23
[21] Shahabuddin, V.K. Dwivedi, Effect of tool geometry of friction stir welding on mechanical properties of AA-7075 aluminum alloy, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., 9(6) (2018) 625-633.
24
[22] V. Saravanan, S. Rajakumar, A. Muruganandam, Effect of friction stir welding process parameters
25
on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum
26
alloy joints, Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, 5(6) (2016) 476-485.
27
[23] V. Saravanan, N. Banerjee, R. Amuthakkannan, S. Rajakumar, Effect of heat input on tensile
28
properties of friction stir welded AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 dissimilar aluminum alloy joints, Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Emerging Res., 3(1) (2014) 961-965.
29
[24] K.R. Ramesh Babu, V. Anbumalar, An experimental analysis and process parameter optimization on AA7075 T6-AA6061 T6 alloy using friction stir welding, J. Adv. Mech. Des. Sys. Manuf., 13(2) (2019) 1-10.
30
[25] A. Nouri, M. Kazemi Nasrabadi, Ductile failure prediction of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy weakened by a V-notch, J. Stress Anal., 4(1) (2019) 113-124.
31
[26] P. Chetan, P. Hemant, P. Hiralal, Experimental investigation of hardness of FSW and TIG joints of
32
aluminium alloys of AA7075 and AA6061, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale (Fracture and Structural Integrity), 37 (2016) 325-332.
33
[27] M. Safari, J. Joudaki, Coupled EulerianLagrangian (CEL) modeling of material flow in dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum alloys, Iran. J. Mater. Form., 6(2) (2019) 10-19.
34
[28] A. Alavi Nia, A. Shirazi, A numerical and experimental investigation into the effect of welding parameters on thermal history in friction stir welded copper sheets, J. Stress Anal., 2(1) (2017) 1-9.
35
[29] S. Kou, Welding Metallurgy, 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey, USA (2003).
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[31] ASTM E8/E8M–15a Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials, American
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Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken (2015).
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41
Mills, Engineering Materials and Processes Desk Reference, 1st Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK (2009).
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[34] R. Nandan, T. Debroy, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Recent advances in friction-stir welding–process,
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weldment structure and properties, Prog. Mater. Sci., 53(6) (2008) 980-1023.
44
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Design and Analysis of Graded Open-cell Aluminum Foam Shock Absorber for Helicopter Seats During Emergency Landing Conditions
Ensuring the safety of passengers as much as possible is essential in automobile and airplane accidents. In this study, an open-cell aluminum foam was introduced as an energy absorber. Analytical equations of absorbed energy were extracted. The analytical results had acceptable agreement with numerical and empirical ones. Based on the graded nature of natural impact absorbers, graded designed was used for the helicopter seat impact absorber. Optimization methods including genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming algorithm were used to create an optimum graded impact absorber. Satisfying standard requirements of the JAR-27 air standard was used as a design goal for impact absorber. The designed impact absorber was then modeled inABAQUS software to calculate the absorbed energy, acceleration, and the force applied to the passenger and HIC for the protected passenger. According to the results, the graded foam satisfies all requirements for helicopters during emergency landing. The derived analytical equations can be used to study the energy absorption of other foams.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3286_108dad014659b5f808132a0e86e92ef9.pdf
2020-03-01
81
91
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20327.1117
Open-cell foam
Helicopter emergency landing
Specific energy absorption
Low velocity impact
Graded structure
Optimization
S.
Davari
ssdavari@yahoo.com
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
AUTHOR
S.A.
Galehdari
ali.galehdari@gmail.com
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Atrian
amiratrian@gmail.com
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Static Analysis of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Plates under Electro-thermo-mechanical Loading Using a Meshfree Method Based on RPIM
In this paper, the static response of functionally graded piezoelectric plates under mechanical, electrical, and thermal loads is studied using a meshless method. The Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM) is used to create the shape function to approximate field variables. Given that RPIM shape functions pass Kronecker delta condition, boundary conditions can be applied directly. The First-order Shear Deformation Plate Theory (FSDT) is used to model the behavior of the plate. Power law distribution through the thickness is considered for all of mechanical, thermal, and piezoelectric properties. Effective parameters on deflection and stresses of Functionally Graded PiezoelectricMaterial (FGPM), including different electrical and mechanical loads, thermal loads, thickness, and different boundary conditions are studied. In this paper, the effect of power law index on the deflection and stresses of the functionally graded piezoelectric plate under external loads is investigated and different results are obtained in each case of mechanical, electrical, and thermal loading. By analyzing the results of this paper, the effective structure design and sensor/actuator behavior of the plate subjected to thermal and electrical loading could be obtained.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3287_b79229008374d2c8ef7a7f51d49b8f4f.pdf
2020-03-01
93
106
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20850.1125
Mesh-free methods
RPIM
FGPM
Electro-thermal loading
H.
Nourmohammadi
hosseinnr@gmail.com
1
Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
AUTHOR
B.
Behjat
behjat@sut.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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Mater. Struct., 19(6) (2010) 065026.
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actuators, Smart Mater. Struct., 16(3) (2007) 784-797.
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Structures, Slovak J. Civ. Eng., 22(2) (2014) 15-20.
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for piezoelectric structures, Math. Prob. Eng., 2016 (2016) 7632176.
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analysis of FG-CNTRC nanoplates in thermal environments, Compos. Struct., 201 (2018) 882-892.
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63
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Residual Stress in the Ultrasonic Assisted Constraint Groove Pressing Process of Copper Sheets
In this research, Constraint Groove Pressing (CGP) process, which is one of the most important and effective methods of severe plastic deformation processes has been studied. Ultrasonic assisted CGP (UCGP) process has been conducted to investigate and compare the effects of applying ultrasonic vibrations on the residual stress with the conventional method. Contour method was applied to measure the residual stresses distributions in the CGPed and UCGPed samples. Pure copper sheet samples were tested both with and without ultrasonic vibrations up to 2 passes. The measured values of the residual stresses indicated a relative reduction of stress in the presence ofultrasonic vibrations. By investigation of residual stress normal to the surface in thickness direction, it was observed that residual stresses are compressive on the edge and tensile in the middle of the thickness of the sheet. This reflects the self-balancing feature of residual stresses. In all conditions for both passes, residual stress reduced about 20MPa while using ultrasonic vibrations compared to traditional CGP method.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3288_9c56cd884cacfc80718d415e678381de.pdf
2020-03-01
107
114
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20568.1119
Constraint groove pressing
Ultrasonic vibrations
Residual stress
Contour method
M.
Asgari
mohsenasgari4@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Honarpisheh
honarpishe@kashanu.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
S.
Amini
amini.s@kashanu.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
AUTHOR
H.
Mansouri
hadi_mans@yahoo.com
4
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] D.H. Shin, J.J. Park, Y.S. Kim, K.T. Park, Constrained groove pressing and its application to grain refinement of aluminum, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 328(1-2) (2002) 98-103.
1
[2] A. Krishnaiah, U. Chakkingal, P. Venugopal, Production of ultrafine grain sizes in aluminium sheets
2
by severe plastic deformation using the technique of groove pressing, Scr. Mater., 52(12) (2005) 1229-1233.
3
[3] J.W. Lee, J.J. Park, Numerical and experimental investigations of constrained groove pressing and rolling for grain refinement, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 130-131 (2002) 208-213.
4
[4] J. Alkorta, J.G. Sevillano, Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation: NANOSPD2, (2002) 491-497.
5
[5] E. Rafizadeh, A. Mani, M. Kazeminezhad, The effects of intermediate and post-annealing phenomena on the mechanical properties and microstructure of constrained groove pressed copper sheet, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 515(1-2) (2009) 162-168.
6
[6] D.H. Shin, K.T. Park, Ultrafine grained steels processed by equal channel angular pressing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 410-411 (2005) 299-302.
7
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8
[8] E. Hosseini, M. Kazeminezhad, Nanostructure and mechanical properties of 0–7 strained aluminum by
9
CGP: XRD, TEM and tensile test, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 526(1-2) (2009) 219-224.
10
[9] F. Khodabakhshi, M. Kazeminezhad, A.H. Kokabi, Constrained groove pressing of low carbon steel:
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Nano-structure and mechanical properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(16-17) (2010) 4043-4049.
12
[10] M. Kazeminezhad, E. Hosseini, Optimum groove pressing die design to achieve desirable severely
13
plastic deformed sheets, Mater. Des., 31(1) (2010) 94-103.
14
[11] S.C. Yoon, A. Krishnaiah, U. Chakkingal, H.S. Kim, Severe plastic deformation and strain localization in groove pressing, Comput. Mater. Sci., 43(4) (2008) 641-645.
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refinement in commercial purity copper, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 410-411 (2005) 337-340.
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[15] A. Takayama, X. Yang, H. Miura, T. Sakai, Continuous static recrystallization in ultrafinegrained copper processed by multi-directional forging, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 478(1-2) (2008) 221-228.
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[18] F. Nazari, M. Honarpisheh, Analytical model to estimate force of constrained groove pressing process, J. Manuf. Processes, 32 (2018) 11-19.
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[19] F. Nazari, M. Honarpisheh, Analytical and experimental investigation of deformation in constrained
24
groove pressing process, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 233(11) (2019) 3751-3759.
25
[20] F. Nazari, M. Honarpisheh, H. Zhao, Effect of stress relief annealing on microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stress of a copper sheet in the constrained groove pressing process, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 102(9-12) (2019) 4361-4370.
26
[21] M. Lucas, Vibration sensitivity in the design of ultrasonic forming dies, Ultrasonic, 34(1) (1996) 35-
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28
[23] M. Sedighi, M. Honarpisheh, Experimental study of through-depth residual stress in explosive welded
29
Al-Cu-Al multilayer, Mater. Des., 37 (2012) 577-581.
30
[24] M. Sedighi, M. Honarpisheh, Investigation of cold rolling influence on near surface residual stress distribution in explosive welded multilayer, Strength Mater., 44(6) (2012) 693-698.
31
[25] M.A. Moazam, M. Honarpisheh, Ring-core integral method to measurement residual stress distribution of Al-7075 alloy processed by cyclic close die forging, Mater. Res. Express, 6(8) (2019) 0865j3.
32
[26] M.A. Moazam, M. Honarpisheh, Presentation of calibration coefficient to measure Non-uniform
33
residual stresses by the integral ring-core method, J. Stress Anal., 3(2) (2019) 15-28.
34
[27] M. Honarpisheh, E. Haghighat, M. Kotobi, Investigation of residual stress and mechanical properties
35
of equal channel angular rolled St12 strips, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, J. Mater. Des. Appl., 232(10) (2018) 841-851.
36
[28] M. Kotobi, M. Honarpisheh, Experimental and numerical investigation of through-thickness residual stress of laser-bent Ti samples, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 52(6) (2017) 347-355.
37
[29] M. Kotobi, H. Mansouri, M. Honarpisheh, Investigation of laser bending parameters on the residual stress and bending angle of St-Ti bimetal using FEM and neural network, Opt. Laser Technol., 116 (2019) 265-275.
38
[30] H. Jafari, H. Mansouri, M. Honarpisheh, Investigation of residual stress distribution of dissimilar Al-7075-T6 and Al-6061-T6 in the friction stir welding process strengthened with SiO2 nanoparticles, J. Manuf. Processes, 43(Part A) (2019) 145-153.
39
[31] M.A. Moazam, M. Honarpisheh, Residual stress formation and distribution due to precipitation
40
hardening and stress relieving of AA7075, Mater. Res. Express, 6(12) (2019) 126108.
41
[32] M. Honarpisheh, H. Khanlari, A numerical study on the residual stress measurement accuracy using
42
inverse eigenstrain method, J. Stress Anal., 2(2) (2018) 1-10.
43
[33] F. Nazari, M. Honarpisheh, H. Zhao, The effect of microstructure parameters on the residual stresses
44
in the ultrafine-grained sheets, Micron, 132 (2020) 102843.
45
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cold-expanded holes using linear fracture mechanics and superposition, Eng. Fract. Mech., 78(7) (2011)
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1389-1406.
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in Al 7075 by synchrotron diffraction and the contour method, J. Neutron Res., 15(2) (2007) 147-154.
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(2018) 494-503.
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59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Exerted Force on Roller and Roller Width Effects on Residual Stresses in Direct and Indirect Rolling of FSW of SU304 Steel
In this paper, the effects of two parameters named width of the roller and exerted force on it in direct and indirect rolling, on residual stresses in Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process of SU304 steel have been studied. FSW numerical modeling has been performed by ABAQUS. In both direct and indirect rolling, five levels have been considered for each variable. Based on the results, it has been shown that both variables have significant effects on the pattern and maximum of residual stresses. In general, in both direct and indirect rolling, by increasing the rolling force, residual stresses decrease intensely. In direct rolling, tensile residual stresses decrement happens locally by using relatively narrow rollers and increasing the rolling force. While in wide rollers, the decrement in tensile residual stresses occurs constantly. Based on the results, using direct rolling causes more decrement in welding tensile residual stresses in comparison with indirect rolling. In direct and indirect rolling, the minimum tensile residual stresses take place when the width of roller is equal to diameter and half of the diameter of welding tool, respectively. In this situation, the maximum of tensile residual stresses decreases 97.4% for direct rolling and 57.3% for indirect rolling.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3289_05827f1b19f17530eddd404b430133fe.pdf
2020-03-01
115
125
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20922.1127
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
Residual stress
Rolling
Width of roller
Rolling force
A.
Ghiasvand
amir.ghiasvand10@gmail.com
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Kazemi
kazemi@malayeru.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Mahdipour Jalilian
maziar.1986.200@gmail.com
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
AUTHOR
H.
Kheradmandan
hasan.kheradmandan@gmail.com
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Effective Parameters on the Nano-scale Cutting Process of Monocrystalline Copper Using Molecular Dynamic
Machining in the scale of nanometer and investigating its behavior is premier in the field of machining. Molecular dynamics is a new robust tool to investigate controlling mechanisms in atomic scales, complex dislocation, and grain-boundary in severely deformed workpieces with the submicron dimensioning; consequently, process simulation was performed by molecular dynamics method. In this study, some useful parameters of tool geometry in orthogonal cutting of monocrystalline copper were investigated. With this end in view, relief angle, rake angle, and tooltip radius were considered as influential geometrical parameters of orthogonal cutting of monocrystalline copper. By using the Response Surface Method (RSM), the variation effect of input parameters was studied on the cutting output parameters like cutting force, temperature, and hydrostatic stress all in nanometer precision. Furthermore, with mathematical modeling using a second-order linear regression equation fitted to the process outputs, single objective and multi-objective optimizationof the cutting process was followed.
https://jrstan.basu.ac.ir/article_3290_0f48af70a89ef27f73fcb816b81ac011.pdf
2020-03-01
127
136
10.22084/jrstan.2020.20790.1124
Nano-machining
Molecular dynamics simulation
Orthogonal nanometric cutting
Response surface method
Optimization
M.M.
Abaie
mfeijani@chmail.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Zolfaghari
m-zolfaghari@araku.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
V.
Tahmasbi
tahmasbi@arakut.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran.
AUTHOR
P.
Karimi
peyman4895@gmail.com
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
AUTHOR
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